Corporate Background Of Worldcom Company Essay - 1322 Words

Corporate Background WorldCom, now known as MCI, began humbly as an obscure long distance telephone company, LDDS Communications, in 1983, and rose to the second largest long-distance phone company in the United States and one of the largest companies handling worldwide Internet data traffic, with an aggressive corporate strategy of growth though acquisition (Moberg, and Romar. â€Å"WorldCom†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) With its corporate headquarters located in Clinton, Mississippi, WorldCom consisted of an employee base of 85,000 workers at its peak and provided a broad range of communication services in over 200 countries on six continents, including voice and Internet communication services for millions of consumer customers, one of the most extensive communications networks in the world, and value-added services such as customized solutions for network design, configuration of customer premises equipment, proactive network monitoring, managed hosting as well as authentication, firewall and virus scanning services (WorldCom Form 10-K, 2002). Between 1991 and 1997, WorldCom spent almost $60 billion in the successful completion of 65 acquisitions, two of which, the MFS Communications acquisition and MCI Communications acquisition, brought both â€Å"a major supplier of Internet services† and â€Å"one of the largest providers of business and consumer telephone services†. Benefited by this prescient and successful business strategy, WorldCom’s stock rocketed to over $60 per share. These acquisitions providedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Worldcom1595 Words   |  7 PagesRestoring Trust in WorldCom 1. What are the three or four central objectives that Breeden hopes to achieve with the proposals in â€Å"Restoring Trust†? Why is reform needed? What are the benefits? What are your concerns regarding the reform? The WorldCom Corporate Monitor, Richard Breeden, believed that in order to correct the ills that faced the company, WorldCom needed to adopt a strong Corporate Governance structure. The central objectives of his proposal â€Å"Restoring Trust† included improvingRead MoreWorldcom Failure1198 Words   |  5 PagesWorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior LDR/531 - Organizational Leadership October 7, 2010 WorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior INTRODUCTION Year 2002 saw an unprecedented number of corporate scandals: Enron, Tyco, Global Crossing, etc. In many ways, WorldCom is just another case of failed corporate governance, accounting abuses, and outright greed. Many people may question if there is a secret to operating a successful business in modern times.Read MoreLong Distance Discount Services ( Ldds )1460 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Worldcom Group, formally known as Long Distance Discount Services (LDDS) and the second largest long distance telecommunications provider in the U.S., was involved in one of the biggest accounting frauds in history. The scandal, when unearthed in 2002, revealed that Worldcom had overstated it’s earnings in the five quarters between 2001 and 2002 by more than 3.8 billion. This was a result of inappropriate accrual releases and classifying periodic line costs as capital expendituresRead MoreWorld Com1454 Words   |  6 Pages Table of Contents Mission Statement 3 Ethical Principles/Tenets 4 Day to Day Operations 5 Cynthia Cooper and the Culture 6 Conclusion 8 Works Cited 10 1)Provide a Mission Statement and brief background about WorldCom. Briefly explain how WorldCom did not honor their statement. WorldCom - our objective is to be the most profitable , single source provider of communications services to customers around the world. Unstated Mission - Increase shareholder value. WorldComs mission statementRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 Pagesof some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to prevent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, external auditors, and companies, mainly publicly-traded companies, and the cost and benefits of the act. The last sectionRead MoreEnron : The Financial Statement1461 Words   |  6 Pages whenever companies have outstanding energy-related or other derivative contracts (either assets or liabilities) on their balance sheets at the end of a particular quarter, they must adjust them to fair market value, booking unrealised gains or losses to the income statement of the period. A difficulty with application of these rules in accounting for long-term futures contracts in commodities such as gas is that there are often no quoted prices upon which to base valuations. Companies having theseRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021410 Words   |  6 Pagesof some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to prevent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, external auditors, and companies, mainly publicly-traded companies, and the cost and benefits of the act. The last sectionRead MoreAnalyzing The Fraudulent Acti vities Of Worldcom3290 Words   |  14 Pagesfailed company. In this paper an attempt is made to analyze the fraudulent activities reasons and fraud performance of WorldCom. Also analysis the accounting and audit environment in WorldCom. WorldCom was the second largest long distance telecommunications corporation in America. 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Bahram Soltani (2014), also discusses within the abstract the different areas reviewed regardingRead MoreCase Analysis Arthur Andersen: Questionable Accounting Practices1000 Words   |  4 PagesThus, it leaded to a negative influence on Andersens Corporate culture, which enabled Andersen to be more interested in its own revenue growth through ethical and legal misconducts, such as accounting irregularities and fraud. More seriously, it developed a number of lawsuits from1997 to 2005, which impelled the SEC to keep a close watch on, from its client such as Baptist Foundation of Arizona, Sunbeam, Waste Ma nagement, Enron, and Worldcom. Especially for the SEC to Enrons investigating, it would

Mid Term 1 Solution Free Essays

COT5405 Analysis of Algorithms Midterm 1 Solution Summer 2012 June 11 In all cases explain clearly and as succinctly as possible. Problem 1 10 Pts Answer: n T (n) = 2T ( n ) + log n 2 2 n = 4T ( n ) + logn n + log n 4 2 2 2 n = 4T ( n ) + log nn? 1 + log n 4 2 2 = †¦ ?log2 n 1 = nT (1) + n i=1 i ? n Since i=1 1 ln n, T (n) ? ?(n log log n) i Problem 2 20 Pts Answer: The general idea is to use the technique similar to quick sort, by doing partition on both lids and cups. First we pick a cup randomly, and use it to partition the lids into two subsets: those lids smaller than the size of that cup, and those larger than the size of the cup. We will write a custom essay sample on Mid Term 1 Solution or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can also ? nd the correspondent lid for that chosen cup. Second we use that lid to partition the cups and divide them into two sets. We keep on repeating this procedure on each subset of cups/lids until all the cups/lids are paired. The overall time complexity is O(n log n) (Worst case: O(n2 )). Problem 3 20 Pts Answer: In this problem we are more interested in ? ding the median instead of the minimum/maximum element. The ? n ? th element in a min/max heap is not the median. 2 In this case, we should develop a new type of heap to adapt this problem. Problem 3 2 The solution is to use two heaps: a min heap and a max heap. Suppose the total number of elements is n, we set the restriction that the max heap should contain ? n ? 2 elements. Correspondingly, the min heap contains n ? ? n ? elements. 2 When we insert an element, we always insert it into the max heap. If the number of elements in the max heap exceeds ? n ? , we remove the maximum element in the 2 max heap (the root), and insert it into the minimum heap. During this procedure, we need to do heapify to maintain the heap structure for both heaps. Under this setting, it is easy to see that all the elements in the max heap are less than those in the min heap, and the two elements at the root of both heaps represent the ? n ? th 2 and (? n ? + 1)th element. 2 Suppose the median is de? ned to be the ? n ? th element over all n elements. When 2 we delete the median, we just delete the root of the max heap, and the following two cases might occur: (1) If the max heap contains ? n? 1 ? elements, then we do delete-max to the max 2 heap. (2) If the max heap contains ? n? 1 ? ? 1 elements, we take out the root of the min 2 heap and set it to be the root in the max heap (because it is larger than all the elements in the max heap), then we do delete-min to the min heap. It is straightforward to see that the time complexity for both insert and delete-median is O(log n). COT5405 Analysis of Algorithms HW 2 How to cite Mid Term 1 Solution, Essay examples

Theoretical Concepts of Strategic Management

Question: Describe about the Theoretical Concepts of Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction Theoretical concepts in the workplace determine the business culture of a company. Managers need to understand adequately the underlying entrepreneurial culture in the organizations where they work. According to Morgan (2012), managerial concepts should be clearly communicated to all employees so as to avoid confusion and facilitate sound decision making. In the job environment, theoretical concepts range from how employees act, work, and dress in respect to the professional ethics of codes for a particular company. Miller and Tsang, (2011) argues that strategic management goes hand in hand with theoretical concepts in the attempt to formulate sound decisions of achieving better performance and a competitive advantage over the rivaling firms. Concepts involve making conscious decisions by the management, and this favors strategic management by helping the responsible company make profits higher than the mean returns for all other enterprises in the sector. Since its establishment in 1993, Maxis Berhads main objective has been creating a competitive environment in the market. Maxis operates as an integrated service provider company in Malaysia and leverages on technology to innovate and offer mobile and wireless broadband services to the customers (Hamid Atan, 2011). As part of the company's current employees, Maxis recognizes the value of employees inputs towards achieving its set goals. The company organizes training and development opportunities to the staff to nurture their talents and develop their potential in the workplace. Communication is an essential element of strategic management since it leaves room for increased participation and growth of every person in Maxis. The purpose of this essay is evaluating the theoretical concepts to strategic management as applied in Maxis Berhad Company. Further, the article provides an examination of how these theoretical concepts influence managerial practices in Maxis concerning effective strategic management approaches of gaining competitive advantage. Evaluation of Theoretical Concepts in Strategic Management To begin with, strategic management in Maxis provides a wider perspective that assists the personnel to understand how their jobs fit into the entire enterprise's plan. Afifi and Afifi, (2015) argues that theoretical concepts bring in the art of managing the workforce in a manner that maximizes the ability to meet the set goals. The management of Maxis adopts the use of business ethics and policies that aim at creating core competence and formulating strategic decisions that conform to the business objectives (Hamid Atan, 2011). As observed in management literature, various strategic management theories can be applied and play a relevant impact to improving productivity within an organization. The following is a critical examination and evaluation of the applicability of these methods in Maxis company to facilitate effective strategic management. Human Resource-Based Theory According to this theory, the human element plays a significant role in a company when it comes to strategic decision making (Hayes, 2014). The executive management of Maxis recognizes that the human element when it comes to decision making and values the employee's inputs towards exhibiting business success in the telecom industry. Hayes, (2014) justifies the argument that there is a need for the human resource management department of Maxis acknowledges that subordinate skills and efficiency workforce contributes to gaining a competitive advantage due to the possibility of high-quality mobile and internet services provided. The main competitors being Axiata and DiGi, Maxis capitalizes on the human capital aspect and attribute to firm position itself in the competitive business environment. In Maxis, the executive invests most capital on their personnel as they perceive the human resources as the greatest asset of the company. The company keeps on organizing for training and development opportunities to enhance the level of their employee retention. Maxis encourages workforce commitment and passion by benchmarking its service performance with those of the competitors in a transitory manner. In Kapferer, (2012) human resource-based theory argues that people remain as the most vital resource that drives the sustainable competitive advantage of an organization. In this regard, Maxis manages the human resources strategically and thereby reaping competitive advantage in the telecommunication industry. The Contingency Theory This theory postulates that there is no best approach in itself that managers may adopt to manage the business organization (Al Ariss, Cascio, Jaap, 2014). Based on the arguments found in the contingency theory, the directors of Maxis design various managerial strategies depending on the particular situation that they are facing. According to Ward and Peppard, (2016), ensuring that Maxis thrives in its venture activities in the telecom sector, the management formulates different human resource policies such as working hours, employee salaries, job description, the roles and responsibilities of each employee in a manner that creates sustainability. For example; under the situation of WiFi installation, the management of Maxis recommends various approaches to complement each other in the whole process. Such approaches taken by Maxis include; subcontracting more than one companies to do the software installation, and forming an undercover group within the firm that will monitor the pro cess. With effective monitoring of Maxis's broadband and wireless installation procedures, this facilitates effective strategic management and thus enabling the company to gain a competitive advantage over DiGi and the other rivaling corporations. The Profit Maximizing and Competition Based Theory Miller and tsang, (2011) state that this strategic management model builds on the concept that the primary objective of an organization is maximizing profits and establishing a firm position in the industry over which it can create a competitive edge over the competitors in the business environment. Being a global company, Maxis's desire of strategic management gets centrally based on the management approaches. To strategically position itself in the telecom sector, Maxis specializes in offering various mobile, the Internet, and broadband services to the customers across different world markets (McMichael Philip, 2015). Usually, the management of Maxis has been investing some of its resources in carrying out market research in the external market environment. For fairness, the company integrates people with different skills; this makes the researchers form diverse opinions which when unionized contributes to effective strategic management and hence creating a competitive advantage i n the sector. Contributions of Theoretical Concepts to Managerial Practices of Maxis Company Management theories stress the need for effective strategy formulation to ensure that organizational goals are met. The management of Maxis aims at making the company sustainable. Human behavior based theories seek to motivate employees and cultivate a mutually beneficial relationship in the workplace. Achieving self-fulfillment within the work environment for Maxis, workers get treated as unique resources opposed to how the other resources are handled by the firm (Tynjala, 2008). The ability of Maxis to recognize the views of all employees demonstrates their commitment to creating a sustainable environment for strategic management. The collaborative efforts facilitate the management of Maxis in establishing a holistic work relation which positively contributes to the productivity of Maxis in its telecom service provision. The major contributions that management theories have made to the telecom industry at Maxis company are as discussed below. First and foremost, theoretical perspectives on strategic management help the executive officers of Maxis to make sound decisions pertaining certain the pressure existing in the telecom sector (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). With the emergence of new technologies in the telecom industry, this has come about with complexities when it comes to effective strategic management. In the course whereby Maxis company is struggling to achieve its goal of establishing a strong customer base in the global telecom sector, application of management theories provides a guide about how to solve the problem (Hayes, 2014). In particular, the human relations theory guides the management in reducing organizational tensions by reallocating different employees with different skills and abilities to areas where they best suit. The problem-solving role is achieved by the directorate's ability to recognize the input of employees in formulating ideas necessary to effective strategic management that may lead to competitive advantage. Theoretical perspectives contribute to the establishment of the necessary managerial skills and helps them understand the flow of power within an organization. For Maxis company, the profit maximization and competence theory is applied by the management in its attempts to establish effective strategic management approaches (Xu Meyer, 2013). The technical skills of the executive staff at Maxis play the greatest role in manning the human skills of both the supervisors and subordinate officers. The contingency theory necessitates that, at the top management level of Maxis, the conceptual and human skills are highly valuable, but there is a relative necessity for technical abilities so as to achieve sustainability within the telecom sector (Santos, 2012). Technological skills of the manager are always contingent to every skill possessed by a player in the company. According to Santos, (2012), theoretical perspectives facilitate strategic planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling within an organization. Most times, the Malaysia telecom sector is usually complex and volatile to the extent that maintaining stability and sustainability in the business climate gets challenging. With the aid of managerial concepts, Maxis takes strategies of preventing the worst scenario fro occurring since with its occurrence; this leads to split the organization and thus poor productivity. However, Xu and meyer, (2013) argue that the application of human resource based theory brings in team building skills that seek to unite, organize, and control the actions of all participants in the Internet and mobile broadband service provision. About the classical organization theory by Henry Fayol, the top management of Maxis sets strategic goals that are complemented by the departmental manager's abilities to organize, lead, coordinate, and control all the staffing resources of the company towards the right direction. Theoretical concepts necessitate the importance of specialization and division of labor within Maxis. According to toMcMichael and Philip, (2015), in the contingency theory, no idea, ability, or skill can be useful in itself, but with the integration of numerous perspectives, effective strategic management is encouraged. Fayol's fourteen principles of administration prove the arguments of contingent theory such that for strategic management to be successful, all these fourteen principles must be present and complement each other. The management of Maxis company uses the strategy of allocating the human resources those roles which they are most qualified. Assigning different people roles which they suit best implies that division of labor cannot work well without the aspect of specialization (Killen, Kam, Drouin, Petit, 2012). For Maxis, allocation of functions is under the department of human resources, and the human resource-based theory is highly considered while implementing init iatives for stability, remuneration policies, and the spirit of teamwork. Recommendations of Enhancing Strategic Management for Maxis The fact that Maxis has embraced the contribution of theoretical concepts in its strategic management, the company has not optimized its full potential and therefore, still struggles to succeed in the telecom sector. In most times, management theories may not give enough weight to the interests of the employer may not match with the ones of the workforce. Theoretical concepts predict the effect of total engagement of every stakeholder in Maxis. In most circumstances, what the theories predict may not be achievable (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2012). Therefore, the management of Maxis Telecommunication should diversify the strategic management approaches into other perspectives that seek to ensure that the predicted scores are realized. The following gives a series of recommendations that Maxis may adopt to enhance efficient strategic management. The management of Maxis should take an affirmative action which would offer a chance to correct employment imbalances, injustices, and outright discrimination. The management theories are only based on assumptions which sometimes may be ineffective when it comes to strategic management (Keupp, Palmie, Gassmann, 2012). Therefore, this calls for the implementation of new strategies for enabling the company to be unified and able to deliver high performance in the telecom sector. In this case, affirmative action may play a significant role in attaining a diversified and integrated workforce. The management of Maxis should acknowledge the need for interdisciplinary courses of action that expose the labor force from throughout work environment to the nature of threats the company is exposed. Organizing leadership trips will present other strategic management related challenges in the telecom sector to the vulnerability of Maxis's mobile and internet service provision and impacts well beyond financial considerations (Hayes, 2014). The integrated approach to benchmarking the company's operations with the other businesses in the sector will make the managers gain a clear understanding of the changing nature of threats in the telecom industry. In the discipline of diversity management, the company should diversify awareness of the business threats to the company from its competitors to the employees. Theoretical perspectives only explain the important characters that the workforce should possess while carrying out their mandates but fails by not providing strategies of diversifying awareness to the personnel (Miller Tsang, 2011). Therefore, the management of Maxis should conduct a thorough market research on the strategies used by the competitors namely DiGi and Axiata so that the employees are given the insight of approaches employed by the rivals. This may assist Maxis to introduce technological and entrepreneurial transformations that facilitate smooth performance and establish a conducive environment for the workers in the workplace so that the enterprise can thrive. The managers of Maxis should understand that management theoretical concepts get only based on the assumption holding to the rationale that people will apply them in strategic management approaches. Therefore, the managers of Maxis should portray managerial traits that enable them to carry out extra tasks that are meant for the best interest of an organization even though they were not initially included in the business plan. The most strategic priority and competitive goal of Maxis should get based on the social influence tactics in which the practitioners seeks to involve the subordinates (Santos, 2012) voluntarily. Therefore, the company should establish a strategy that necessitates decisive leadership; examples include unity of command and order of power policies. The management of Maxis should acknowledge that both the formal and informal communication channels are helpful in bringing order within an organization. Conclusion The theories of strategic management encourage diversity and nondiscrimination in employment and contracting. The workplace concept relates to the personnel's behavior towards work, work style and atmosphere, and communication in the workplace. If properly implemented, the management theories lead to the provision of high-quality services and increased productivity within an organization. Enhancing service quality within a company requires the management to design effective strategies that are in conformity with the objective of the firm. For ensuring effective strategic management, appreciation of organizational values and potential conflicts underlying business operations must be acknowledged and addressed accordingly. Given the vulnerability and complexity nature of business operations, enterprises should adopt inclusiveness and provide balanced perspectives rather than single views while formulating strategies. Ineffective strategic management results to the formulation of weak p olicies, and this leads to an overall failure of the entire company's objectives. Therefore, practitioners should be keen when designing strategic plans to ensure that the plans are in conformity with the available resources within the firm and therefore, avoiding confusion and hence improved productivity. References Afifi, T., Afifi, W. (2015). Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications. New York: Routledge. Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W., Jaap, P. (2014). Talent management: Current theories and future research directions. Journal of World Business, 173-179. Hamid, F., Atan, R. (2011). Corporate social responsibility by the Malaysian telecommunication firms. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 198-208. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hill, C., Jones, G., Schilling, M. (2014). Strategic management theory: an integrated approach. Boston: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, D., Hoskisson, R. (2012). Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Boston: Cengage Learning. Kapferer, J.-N. (2012). The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan: Kogan Page Publishers. Keupp, M. M., Palmie, M., Gassmann, O. (2012). The strategic management of innovation: a systematic review and paths for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 367-390. Killen, C., Kam, J., Drouin, N., Petit, Y. (2012). Advancing project and portfolio management research: applying strategic management theories. International Journal of Project Management, 525-538. McMichael, Philip. (2015). World-Systems Analysis, globalization, and incorporated comparison. Journal of World-Systems Research, 668-689. Miller, K., Tsang, E. (2011). Testing management theories: Critical realist philosophy and research methods. Strategic Management Journal, 139-158. Morgan, N. (2012). Marketing and business performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 102-119. Santos, F. M. (2012). A positive theory of social entrepreneurship. Journal of business ethics, 335-351. Tynjala, P. (2008). Perspectives on learning at the workplace. Educational Research Review, 130-154. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Xu, D., Meyer, K. (2013). Linking theory and context: Strategy research in emerging economies after Wright et al. (2005). Journal of Management Studies, 1322-1346.

Why are Americans so Homicidal an Example by

Why are Americans so Homicidal? Bowling for Columbine by Michael Moore is a documentary that undertakes the question why Americans are homicidal. It depicts the rampant school killings in United States of America. There are long list of possible explanations why Americans are homicidal. However, there is no specific or sole cause why killings are committed. According to Moores documentary, easy access to firearms and, of course, racism is the key factors of killings in America. According to some research on substantial scientific evidence, it supports that developmental depression may be the root cause of many homicides and suicides that originated in failed parental and family bond. Nevertheless, it was challenged by some research. It may be one of the causes, but, there is no proof yet. Some other factors are as follows: easy access to guns and ammunitions; use of drugs and alcohol; family violence; inadequate school climate; negative attitude towards school; poverty; social and psychological disorder; associatio n with delinquent peers; and other factors (http://guide.helpingamericasyouth.gov/programdetail). Some arguments to Moores documentary suggest possible flaws. Need essay sample on "Why are Americans so Homicidal?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed One argument is the involvement of National Rifle Association (NRA) to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). NRA was founded in1871 by act of the New York Legislature while KKK was founded in 1866 and became a terrorist organization. Still another thing that is argumentative in the said documentary is the international comparison of homicides with countries like Germany, Australia, Japan, etc. There is no precision with the statistics given. Some countries have more homicide cases than in America. Countries like Columbia, South Africa and Jamaica has the highest crime statistics. United States of America only comes in the 24th place and neighbor county, Canada, comes in 44th place (http://www.nationmaster.com). One more thing is the interview with Carlton Heston on the topic of racism. He said that he is not racist, but, he ones said, US have more mixed ethnicity than other counties and we have enough problems with civil rights (www.hardylaw.net). Moores arguments are not so well presented since m any flaws were perceived, maybe because it was not well researched. Some facts are not accurate. However, the whole approach of the documentary in reaching out to audiences conscience and sensitivity is well presented. It may have touched so many lives. It does not hurt if people are cautious of what is happening in our community. Even if the documentary fail to satisfy the intellectual aspect of the viewers (since some facts are not accurate), the point of the documentary is awareness of what can possibly happen to us and to our children and childrens children. If homicides continue to occur, what can possibly happen to our community? I am convinced that killings cannot be justified especially if you are the aggrieved party. Possible causes of these killings should be hindered. As the Boston Police Departments Youth Violence Strike Force, Operation Ceasefire main objective; it can help diminish killings especially of the innocent children as well as help possible offenders in commiting crimes if its costs are perceived (http://guide.helpingamericasyouth.gov/programdetail). As to my opinion regarding the matter, possible cause of high murder rates in America is a psychological and social aspect. Moore did not tackle much on the developmental depression that may be a big factor in cases of homicides and even suicides. I believe that developmental depression is a big factor in ones position later in life, although there are still no scientific studies established to support the argument. Based on the thesis conducted by James W. Prescott, homicidal deaths have increased by 16% in age group 15 24 years old from 1979 to 1997 (http://violence.de). I hope more people will be aware of this issue and take action to stop this. If more research of possible cause is needed, we should support it. Works Cited Crime Statistics. (On Line). Available: http://www.nationmaster.com/ Hardy, David T. Bowling for Columbine. (On Line). Helping American Youth. (On Line). Prescott, James W. An American Generation of Suicidal and Homicidal Death of Children and Youth. 2000 (On Line).

All The Shahs Men and Iranian History essays

All The Shah's Men and Iranian History essays The national history of Iran is one marked by turmoil and conflict, due mostly in part to foreign influences. As the country grappled for self-rule under the leadership of Mossadegh, Britain, and America each tried to intervene with different motives. In the aftermath of World War Two and the rise of American power coinciding with British imperial collapse, a country with such a valuable resource, oil, was sure not to be overlooked. However, the time for American imperialism had passed. The intervention of America and Britain in Iran was based on entirely different motives, some of which the world had never seen. In the end, America as a superpower emerged in an unusual way basing intervention not on the future of the oil, but the threat of communism. The events of the 1950s had brought new ideas, motives, and actions to the table. British dominance in Iran is a history of exploitation and control. In the early 19th century, the leaders of the country sold their rights of land to different countries, mainly Russia and Britain, because of greed and want of jewels. When all was said and done, the British controlled almost all aspects of the country except for the military. When oil was finally found, the British built a huge monopoly over the resource. This was a last ditch effort to remain a world power as their empire collapsed. They mistreated the workers and gained more and more profit as all the Iranians fell into severe poverty. The British manipulated the leaders through threats and stifled the Iranian voice by taking the record books out of their hands and cheating them out of a lot of money. They thought the Iranians were ignorant people who were only benefiting from British control. The White Man's Burden logic came into play as Britain said: "it was British skill and effort which discovered th e oil and organized markets so that they Iranians could find profit" (88). In reality, "all of Iran's misery, corruption, an...

The Meaning and Significance of a PsyD

The Meaning and Significance of a PsyD Ph.D. degree, the doctor of philosophy degree, as it is the older of the two degrees and is awarded in every other graduate discipline, not just in psychology. But what is the PsyD and is it for you? What Is the PsyD? The Doctor of Psychology, known as the PsyD, is a professional degree awarded in the two main practice fields of psychology: Clinical and counseling psychology. The degrees origins lie in the 1973 Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology whose attendees articulated a need for a practitioners degree to train graduates for applied work in psychology (that is, therapy). The PsyD prepares students for careers as practicing psychologists. What Training Is Required to Earn a PsyD? Doctor of Psychology programs are rigorous. They typically require several years of coursework, several years of supervised practice, and the completion of a dissertation project. Graduates of American Psychological Association (APA) accredited PsyD programs are eligible for licensure in all US states. However, graduates of programs that are not accredited by APA may find it difficult to become licensed in their state. APA maintains a list of accredited programs on its website. The major difference between a PsyD and the more traditional Ph.D. in Psychology is that there is less of an emphasis on research in PsyD programs than in Ph.D. programs. PsyD students are immersed in applied training right from the start of graduate study whereas Ph.D. students often begin their clinical training later in favor of an early start in research. Therefore PsyD graduates tend to excel in practice-related knowledge and are able to apply research findings to their applied work. However, they generally do not engage in research. Can You Teach or Work in Academia With a PsyD? Yes. But graduates of Ph.D. programs generally are more competitive applicants for academic positions because of their research experience. PsyD psychologists are often hired as part-time adjunct instructors. PsyD psychologists are also hired in some full-time academic positions, especially those that teach applied skills such as therapeutic techniques, but full-time instructor positions are more often held by Ph.D. psychologists. If your dream is to become a professor (or even if you see it as a possibility in the future) a PsyD is not your best choice. How is the PsyD Perceived? Given that it is a relatively new degree (four decades old), applicants are wise to ask about how the PsyD is perceived. Early PsyD graduates may have been viewed by other psychologists as having lesser degrees, but that is not the case today. All clinical psychology doctoral programs are highly competitive with a rigorous admission process. PsyD students successfully compete with Ph.D. students for clinical internships, and graduates are employed in clinical settings. The public often lacks knowledge about the PsyD versus Ph.D. but the public often holds inaccurate views of psychology as well. For example, most people also are unaware of the many practice areas within psychology, such as clinical, counseling, and school, and assume that all psychologists have the same training. Generally speaking, most people view PsyD practitioners as psychologists and doctors, too. Why Choose a PsyD Over a Ph.D.? Choose the PsyD if your ultimate goal is to practice. If you see yourself conducting therapy through your career, perhaps becoming an administrator for a mental health setting, consider a PsyD. If you have no interest in conducting research and dont see yourself developing one, consider a PsyD. If you dont see yourself in academia other than as part-time adjunct instructor teaching a course here and there, consider a PsyD. Finally, remember that the PsyD is not your only choice if you want to practice. Several masters degrees can prepare you to conduct therapy.

Solution Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solution Description - Research Paper Example Primary interventions address coronary artery disease risk factors whilst secondary intervention addresses the health adverse outcomes. Patient’s safety can only be improved through medical adherence. This depends on the patient self-management such as lifestyle modification. All these need support from the health care system. Proposed solution From the survey conducted, it is evident that among the young males newly diagnosed with coronary artery disease, 70% of them have diabetes mellitus and hypertension in their medical history. In addition to that, 60% of these people smoke. However, they regularly carry out some physical exercise and do not have any idea of what coronary artery disease means to their health. This, therefore, means that they do not understand what is expected of them in order to contain the disease with reference to dietary. Given the fact that this population has no idea on diet, they have to be taught on what is expected of them. According to Hermida (2 011), changes in dietary can help in reducing the young men’s systolic blood pressure due to diabetes mellitus and hypertension in their medical history. The dietary factors that need to be considered by this group are reduced amount of salt intake and saturated fat contents. Adherence to these controls helps in managing hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Besides dietary changes, these individuals need to be encouraged not to smoke and also shun environmental smoke (Mosca et al., 2007). Compliance with lifestyle modification improves the patient’s quality of life via eliminating premature deaths and preventing further complications. To the patients’ immediate family, compliance relieves them of the negative psychological effects of losing their loved ones. Additionally, adherence conserves the resources of the family that would have been channeled in the obtaining of health care. Organizational culture: This section aims to illustrate how lifestyle modification , as the proposed solution, is consistent with the organization of resources and culture of the society. To the society at large, patient compliance with treatment is an effective measure of saving costs. This is because it decreases complications of incidents and the need for further medications. This is of great significance to the health care public financed systems. Compliance has a great impact on the health care system. For instance, it limits hospitalization needs and reduces workloads on the healthcare system staff. In addition, satisfactory outcomes of treatment boost the attending clinician’s morale whilst failure in treatment frustrates them and impacts their work delivery. Expected Outcome of the Project The expected outcome of the project is to improve the adherence of the patients to enhance their safety. The main reason is that chronic conditions such as the coronary artery disease need a lot of care. In addition, most of this care focuses on the patient self-m anagement. As a result, it requires complex multi-therapies and medical technology use for monitoring patient lifestyle change. Therefore, if these patients are not supported adequately by the health care system, they may be prone to risks that are life-threatening. The outcome will be achieved by educating the patients on lifestyle modifications such as the amount of salt intake, significance of physical activity, avoiding smoking, reducing the

Critical Review of Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Review of Nokia - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that decreasing the dependency ratios of the elderly people within the rural municipalities, the project also aims to facilitate in the delivery of better health services and assuring a sustained economic growth. The project, which includes both a literature review on the issue, and an evaluation of the present conditions through discussions, questionnaires, and interviews, will help us to understand the subject matter better by giving us a clear insight into the Finnish health care system, and the use of the technological innovations within this sector. The research question, suitably framed, takes into account the elderly population and the medical services in rural Finland, examines the entire field of medicine and innovative technology. The basic motivation behind this project is the viability of the Health book, is an â€Å"easy to use online medical networking service aimed at senior citizens, communities, hospitals and doctors†. The elderly population living within rural communities will benefit from this online health service by getting direct access to medical and social support without having to go out of their houses. The hypotheses that says ‘quality performing telecommunication connections and broadband accessibility make it possible for people in rural areas to live and work despite long distances’   is measurable both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively the data can be collected through theoretical studies of books, journals, and articles on the relationship between improved health ca re facilities, and innovative technologies and communications.  

Bottled Water Essay Example for Free

Bottled Water Essay A couple of decades ago, people turn to the tap for drinking water. Now, most people, both young and old, drink water from bottles. In fact, the demand for bottled water is so great that it has become a multimillion-peso business in the country today. Why is there a substantial growth in the demand for bottled water? The main reason is the increasing health consciousness of the people. Many people prefer bottled water because they question the cleanliness of tap water. The quality of tap water has been decreasing. To be safe, people choose bottled water to avoid drinking water that may be contaminated with harmful microorganisms. Contaminated water can cause diarrhea and other stomach disorders that kill, like dysentery, gastroenteritis, amoebiasis, cholera, and hepatitis. Mostly, the bottled water that you buy is either mineral water or purified water. Water plants use surface water or ground water as the main raw material. These plants are located in places far from cities and industrial centers to avoid contamination. MINERAL WATER Mineral water comes from mineral springs. It normally contains a high content of mineral salts or gases, and which consequently may have an action on the human body different from that of ordinary water. Mineral waters are usually classified as alkaline, saline, chalybeate (iron-containing), sulfurous, acidulous, and arsenical. Mineral springs are generated deep underground, where, under intense heat and pressure, calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, and other minerals are leached from the surrounding rocks. Mineral water is also called aerated water. (The term aerated means charged with gas.) The most common gases that are in mineral water are carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. GUIDELINES FOR BOTTLED MINERAL WATERS There are strict rules for water to be labeled as mineral water. Genuine mineral water should contain the right percentage of such minerals as manganese, chromium, selenium, zinc, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, and other minerals. In California, United States, to be labeled mineral water, the water must contain 550 parts per million (ppm) of total dissolved solids (TDS). In Europe, mineral water must meet several criteria. One is that the water must flow freely from its source, meaning it may not be pumped or forced from the ground, and the water must be bottled directly at its source. Furthermore, the waters properties, such as its temperature, mineral balance, and pressure have not varied in ten years. Some better known brands of mineral water in Europe include Evian and Ferrier of France, Ferarrele of Italy, and Apollinaris of Germany. All these conatin 330, 560, 1,400, and 2,250 ppm of TDS, respectively. MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF MINERAL WATER It has long been believed that mineral springs possess great curative powers. In fact, people have used mineral water since ancient times to cure such ailments as rheumatism, skin infections, and poor digestion. Also, many effervescing waters (impregnated with carbon dioxide gas) are used as table beverages and to dilute spirits or wines. Because of the springs medicinal effects, medicinal spas have been built around mineral springs. These spas are frequented by people who are hoping that the springs waters will relieve them of their ailments, such as gout, liver trouble, indigestion, and rheumatism. DISTILLED WATER Water that is treated by the process of distillation forms distilled water. This substance is purer than the original water because salt and other impurities do not evaporate with the water. Distillation is the principal method for purifying water. In this process, the water is vaporized into steam, the steam is condensed back into liquid water, and the water is collected in a separate container, leaving behind the impurities. Other methods of water purification include chlorine treatment, ozone treatment, ultraviolet decontamination, and oxidation-reduction media. Also, one method of water purification is with the use of iodinated resin. Iodinated resin can destroy even the smallest viruses through electrostatic attraction. Negatively charged contaminants are drawn to the positively charged resin. This ensures contact, no matter how small the microorganisms that might otherwise escape if filters are used. Upon contact, the resin releases sufficient iodine to penetrate and kill the microorganisms. PRODUCING SAFE, PURE WATER One of the most effective methods of producing safe, pure water consists of a three-step process. The first step is the use of sediment filters to remove large particles. The sediment filter acts to screen out suspended matter and can also remove many harmful bacteria and protozoa that may be present in the water. The second step is to purify the water through the use of iodinated resin. This devitalizes even the smallest harmful microorganisms within the water. Biological contaminants could also be removed by exposure to ultraviolet light, killing the microorganisms that may still be in the water. The third step is the use of carbon filters to remove taste- and odor-causing contaminants. The filters activated carbon and its ion exchange resin remove unwanted ions and molecules from water, leaving those that make water  pleasant to drink. The activated carbon also initiates a chemical reaction that converts free chlorine, which water utilities put in water to kill germs, into chloride and hydrogen ions, which are safe and taste all right. Other systems in bottling water consist of several steps that utilize both purification and filtration processes. In some systems, water is passed through as many as 16 stages in the whole process. Water is an all-important substance that sustains life here on earth. However, safe, pure water is becoming a rare commodity everywhere. Bottled water, whether mineral or distilled, offers safe drinking water for all of us.

ME :: essays research papers

Me Hey you, yes you. Is there anyone else that I could be talking to? Read this. Just the beginning part and if you don’t like it then don’t read it. I wont force you. And if you decided to read this, you might be wondering what the title means. Well it’s a mindless waste of paper and ink as it is about (NO, you dimwit, it isn’t about the Windows Millennium Edition!!!) me, the writer, who is simply telling you (the reader) about his boring and melodramatic life. Now that you know the meaning of the title lets, us begin this waste of time. I was born in Karachi, on the 12th of September in the early nineteen eighty’s, along with two other babies, but not from the same mother. I was a healthy baby boy of nine pounds and a loud voice. I was the second born, of my mother, but the biggest by my mother. I was told that I was a troublesome baby, but hey, how do I know what happened or what I did seventeen and a half years ago. Anyway, that’s enough about my birth. (If you want to know more, feel free to contact my lawyer, who is currently in a coma due to a head injury sustained while guest starring in the Jerry Springer Show) I was christened after twenty- one days of my birth and was named Hassan, after one of the Imam’s in my religion, Islam. And through these seven-teen and half years, I have proven my name wrong in it’s meaning except in a few certain aspects. I started to speak at the tender age of two and a half years, and my first word, as my elders tell me, is â€Å"Chicken†. I still wonder, to this day how I said it, but for some strange reason or the other, all of my favorite foods and dishes are or contain some form of chicken in them. I grew up to be large and tall, and due to this I was kicked out of kindergarten and promoted to grade I. This was the first and last time I was double promoted, not because of my intelligence of because of my size. Like they say ‘SIZE DOES MATTER!!!!’ Anyway, enough of that. I must have shifted more cities than anyone else in my age, except the babies of nomads. I first lived

Character Dignity Essay

The Colonel is a white man who fights the bigotry of the enemy, who have vowed to kill any officers who lead the troops and by his own commanding officers who have kept them out of the war to do their dirty work. Colonel Shaw starts the War eager and zealous for the fight, the battle of Antietam leaves his disillusioned and wounded. Synopsis Robert Shaw grew up in a life of wealth and privilege in Boston. He was raised in a home that valued character, dignity and self-respect. His family had personal and political connections with then Governor John Andrew and President Abraham Lincoln. The enemy is not only the Confederate Army but the northern whites who have resisted allowing blacks to fight for their freedom and emancipation. The Colonel puts Major Cabot Forbes, his best friend, in as his second in command. The men are drilled by the sadistic Sargent Major Mulcahy who breaks them with savagery and disrespect. The Colonel turns a blind eye to the treatment of the black soldiers. One of the first recruits is a friend of Robert and Cabot, Thomas Searles. Cabot reminds Robert that Thomas is their friend and he needs to stop the Running Header: CHARACTER, DIGNITY and SELF-RESPECT 3 harsh treatment of the recruits. Robert is hardened by what he has seen and experienced at the battle of Antietam and stands coldly on Army protocol. Robert slowly comes back to his true character and begins to see his men as human beings. He begins fighting for them, getting needed supplies and eventually the right to fight for their freedom. There first brush with the Confederate Army is successful after initially faltering in the first skirmish. Robert volunteers the 54th infantry for a charge upon Fort Wagner, which has never been taken. Robert inspires his men to lead the fight when other units do not volunteer to lead the charge to take the fort. They charge into a battle that traps them under heavy cannon fire and the shore. Robert is shot and killed as he rallies the men forward on to the fight. His men continue on in the fight and die as they charge the parapet of the fort. Many casualties occur and Fort Wagner is never taken. The end shows Robert being thrown into a sandpit and buried with his men. Ethical Theories According to the Sommers’ text Aristotle defined happiness as an activity we can do better than anything else, and to exercise their capacity to reason is a virtue (Sommers, C. & Sommers, F. 2010). Reason plays a part in all virtues and courageous persons use it to control fear. After Robert returned from the battle at Antietam he had a temporary change of character, most likely it was post-traumatic stress from the battle. As he got to know the men in his unit and saw their desire and determination to become good soldiers in order to fight for their freedom his character began to return. Running Header: CHARACTER, DIGNITY and SELF-RESPECT 4 You could see this change as he began to care for and fight for the things his men needed. He chaffed at the bigotry and discrimination displayed by the Army Command and began to see and treat the men differently. Based on the teachings of Epictetus Robert had the inner strength to do the right thing when it came to the command of his men. Epictetus taught that â€Å"regardless of circumstances, human beings are capable of dignity and self-control† ( Rachels, J. & Rachels, S. 2012). Humans also had the power to control their response to circumstances even though they could not control the outside world based on inner strength. The situation that comes to mind during the movie was when Robert was dining with the other officers and they were making derogatory remarks about the men in his command. (Fields, F. (Producer), Zwick, E. (Director), 1989). The more the officers abused and put down his men, the madder Robert got and he finally got up and left the dining hall. â€Å"Saint Augustine distrusted reason and believed that moral goodness depends on subordinating oneself to the will of God† ( Rachels, J. & Rachels, S. 2012). Robert was raised in a home that was moral, patriotic; character driven and likely had a rich religious background. Duty to one’s Country and God were in their life and character’s. Conclusion Robert was raised in a home where values and character were important parts of daily life. Even though they were wealthy they valued all people, Robert had a friend who was black. When Thomas was shot in the battle at Antietam Robert forgot his rank Running Header: CHARACTER, DIGNITY and SELF-RESPECT 5 and went to his side. The obstacles that were overcome were discrimination and hatred. Robert was willing to share in the hardships of the black soldiers and choose not to take pay if his men chose not to in protest of the decrease in pay.

Victor Hugo †Les Miserables

Victor Marie Hugo was the son of a general in Napoleon’s army, and much of his childhood was therefore spent amid the backdrop of Napoleon’s campaigns in Spain and in Italy. The first three years of his life were spent in Elba, where he learnt to speak the Italian dialect spoken in the island in addition to his mother tongue. Victor got a little education in a small school. At the age of eleven, Hugo returned to live with his mother in Paris, where he got a little education in a small and where he also became infatuated with books and literature.By the time he was fifteen, he had already submitted one poem to a contest sponsored by the prestigious French Academy. There he learnt much from an old soldier, General Lahorie, who, obnoxious to Napoleon for the share he had taken in Moreau's plot, lived secretly in the house, and from an old priest named Lariviere, who came every day to teach Victor and his two brothers. In 1815, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to a board ing school to prepare for the Ecole Polytechnique. But he devoted himself, even at school, to verse-writing with greater ardour than to study.He wrote in early youth more than one poem for a prize competition, composed a romance which some years later he elaborated into the story Bug Jargal, and in 1820, when only eighteen, joined his two brothers, Abel and Eugene, in publishing a literary journal called Le Conservateur Litteraire. Hugo published his first novel the year following his marriage (Han d'Islande, 1823) and his second three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). By the end of 1822 Victor Hugo was fully launched on a literary career, and for twenty years or more the story of his life is mainly the story of his literary output.Because of his successful drama Cormwell, the preface to which, with its note of defiance to literary convention, caused him to be definitely accepted as the head of the Romantic School of poetry. The revolution of 1830 disturbed for a moment his literary a ctivity, but as soon as things were quiet again he shut himself in his study with a bottle of ink, a pen, and an immense pile of paper. For six weeks he was never seen, except at dinner-time, and the result was : The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831).During the next ten years four volumes of poetry and four dramas were published in 1841 came his election to the Academy, and in 1843 he published Les Burgraves, a drama which was less successful than his former plays, and which marks the close of his career as a dramatist. In the same year there came to him the greatest sorrow of his life. His most famous poem was ‘Demain, des l’aube’ in which he describes the crucial moment where he visits his daughters grave. As Hugo grew older, his politics became increasingly leftist, and he was forced to flee France in 1851 because of his opposition to the monarch Louis Napoleon.Hugo remained in exile until 1870, when he returned to his home country as a national hero. He continue d to write until his death in 1885. He was buried with every conceivable honor in one of the grandest funerals in modern French history. The Book – Les Miserable : Hugo began writing Les Miserables twenty years before its eventual publication in 1862. His goals in writing the novel were as lofty as the reputation it has subsequently acquired; Les Miserables is primarily a great humanitarian work that encourages compassion and hope in the face of adversity and injustice.It is also, however, a historical novel of great scope and analysis, and it provides a detailed vision of nineteenth-century French politics and society. By coupling his story of redemption with a meticulous documentation of the injustices of France’s recent past, Hugo hoped Les Miserables would encourage a more progressive and democratic future. Driven by his commitment to reform and progress, Hugo wrote Les Miserables with nothing less than a literary and political revolution in mind.Les Miserables emp loys Hugo’s style of imaginative realism and is set in an artificially created human hell that emphasizes the three major predicaments of the nineteenth century. Each of the three major characters in the novel symbolizes one of these predicaments: Jean Valjean represents the degradation of man in the proletariat, Fantine represents the subjection of women through hunger, and Cosette represents the atrophy of the child by darkness. In part, the novel’s fame has endured because Hugo successfully created characters that serve as symbols of larger problems without being flat devices.

Executive summary of overbooking Essays

Executive summary of overbooking Essays Executive summary of overbooking Essay Executive summary of overbooking Essay Travelodge is the first budget hotel launched in 1985 in UK. It operates 380 hotels with 26,500 room in the UK. Travelodge is be aftering to turn 1000 more hotels by 2020. It employs above 5500 people and 87 % of the engagement are made online. The UK hotel market is estimated around 700,000 suites ( beginning: Melvyn Gold, Qualification of serviced adjustment supply in UK , December 2007 ) UK hotel market is segmented chiefly into four classs, Brander full service which has 14 % of the market portion, branded budget 12 % branded mid market 62 % and unbranded mugwumps 62 % .the current economic environment has seen addition in bead out of unbranded mugwumps and people prefer to book with branded budget due to web coverage, trade name strength strong balance sheet and distribution. Grant Hearn, Travelodge CEO, commented: 2008 was another record twelvemonth of growing for the Travelodge trade name with over 19 % gross growing . Room sold increased by 9 per centum to 6 million The growing of Travelodge has been unbelievable but company faced a few challenges and one of the major challenge company is confronting is overbooking. Overbooking is one of the of import gross direction tool in hotels operation direction to run efficaciously and heighten profitableness. Gross Management is seen as an of import technique in the hotels operation and hence to maximise their grosss, hotels are progressively implementing Revenue Management patterns ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ) . As a effect of implementing such systems, many companies in the service sector such as hotels consistently overbook capacity in order to maximise the gross at one peculiar point in clip ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . If overbooking is non implemented right it can ensue in loss of room gross, loss of hotel repute, decreased client trueness and lessening hotels profitableness. This study discusses the chief features of overbooking and its impact on the company in theoretical and practical prospective. Theoretical penetrations of overbooking One of the cardinal constructs in Revenue Management is overbooking. The pattern of overbooking can be defined as corroborating more reserves than the hotels available physical capacity to supply the service. ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Ivanov, 2007 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; McGill, new wave Ryzin,1999 ; Kamath, Bhosale, Manjrekar,2008 ) . Hence, the aim of overbooking is to better the expected net income and alternatively of selling each room one time, net income can be increased by selling it several times ( Birkenheuer, 2009 ) . In fact, overbooking as an built-in portion of Revenue Management has received important attending from literature. From a historical position, overbooking is present in the surveies of Falkson ( 1969 ) , Simon ( 1968 ) , Vickrey ( 1972 ) and many others. The major aim of these surveies was to sketch a control pattern for cancellations. Nowadays, overbooking has become an emerging affair in industries with perishable merchandises. It yields considerable impacts on companies public presentation. In footings of the cordial reception industry, the profitableness of hotels is mostly dependent on their use of capacity. Conversely, demand for suites and extensions of stay are really unstable and are difficult to foretell ( new wave Ryzin, 2005 ) . Hoteliers are challenged by how to find the business of suites for clients who are financially unequal and meanwhile maintain a stable rate of demand given the difficult to foretell fortunes ( Okumus, 2004 ) . This is all possible utilizing overbooking, which enables proper allotment of resources and optimisation of gross revenues. However, maximising the figure of sold suites per dark can non be easy accomplished. One of the most ambitious undertakings of the hotel operation direction is to cover with the unpredictable nature of the clients, because non all booked reserves will turn into existent service ingestion ( Lai et al, 2005 ) . To this terminal overbooking may imply a company from the cordial reception industry non being able to function all its clients decently because of lower figure of ab initio expected people that do non look as agreed. In this regard, overbooking may hold both positive and negative impact. On the one manus, it may ensue in refusal to supply a service, but on the other, it can besides take the signifier of compensation for those booking agents, who can non have the value bundle they have agreed on and paid for ( Kimes and Wagner, 2001 ) . From their practical experience directors know that all non engagements confirmed for a peculiar day of the month will be truly used ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . There are several possible scenarios that can do this. Despite of their reserves, because of different fortunes some invitees cancel their stay and end their reserves, some does non call off their engagement but fail to demo up, or other invitees cut down their stay and as a consequence the room remains unsold and therefore capacity non use is lost everlastingly ( Ivanov, 2006, Talluri et Al, 2004 ; Chiang et Al, 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Bitran ; Leon, 1989 ) . Therefore hotels adopt overbooking in order to protect against losingss with no-shows and to countervail the consequence of cancellations and shortened corsets ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ; Kamath et Al, 2008 ; Selmi, 2008 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Impacts of overbooking on hotels operation direction Apart from the chance of the hotel to minimise the consequence of reserve uncertainnesss there are possibilities the figure of cancellations and no shows to be less so the figure of overbookings, so some of the clients will non be accommodated and should be walked to other hotels ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . Therefore, if a hotel decides to use overbooking in its operations it should pull off carefully non merely the chance cost of the unsold room but besides the overbooking costs for alternate hotel adjustment and transit that the hotel has to pay in order to counterbalance a client in instance of overbooking ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Hung, 2004 ) . Besides the apparent fiscal costs happening in instance of walking a invitee holding already booked, costs the lost hotel s good will and repute and the hazards of dissatisfaction, loss of trust, loss of future client trueness are much more expensive for the hotel ( Selmi, 2007 ) . Overbooking policy and control Harmonizing to Selmi ( 2007 ) , the hazard of client refusal appears if the overbooking is no accomplished exactly . In this respect, Kimes ( 1989 ) emphasized on the importance of a clearly stated overbooking policy within the hotel operation direction. The aim of overbooking policy and control is to happen an optimum overbooking degree to maximise the expected gross and to minimise the possible hazard of denied service ( Chiang et al 2007 ) . Netessine and Shumsky ( 2002 ) as cited by Ivanov ( 2006 ; 2007 ) proposed a basic mathematical theoretical account for ciphering the optimum figure of overbookings and harmonizing to his findings the optimum overbooking degree is reciprocally related to the sum of cancellation charges applied the closer the cancellation charge to the room rate, the lower the lost benefit from the unoccupied room and the less stimuli to overbook . In instance of presence of guaranteed and non-guaranteed engagements, Ivanov ( 2007 ) suggests that the optimum figure of overbookings has to be set individually for each type. Alternatively, harmonizing to Hung ( 2004 ) factors that could be considered while puting overbooking bounds include: chances of cancellation and no-show ; room demand distribution over clip and conditions of length of stay ; stay extension chances influenced by the intended length of stay. Furthermore Hung ( 2004 ) assumes that the proportion of cancellations depends on the client class, intended length of stay, twenty-four hours of hebdomad of first stay over, and clip until first stay over. Impact of overbooking on client behaviour Harmonizing to Talluri et Al ( 2004 ) overbooking is often cited in client ailments and remains the primary beginning of dissatisfaction. Furthermore, consequences of an experiment made by Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) confirm that the pattern of overbooking is likely to be perceived as unjust by service clients. Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) analyze behavioural effects of the equity towards overbooking by suggesting and corroborating several hypotheses. Harmonizing to their research the negative effects of service failure originating from overbooking are stronger for the high position client than for the low position clients and hence, hotelkeepers have to carefully overbook its high-values categories . Additionally, Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) stress on the importance that if a hotel ignores the log-run behaviour effects of overbooking, this may take to negative effects on its operations. One such negative effect is proposed to be a client who faces a denied service due to overbooking and still remains hotels client because of either high fixed exchanging barriers or current trueness rank plans. However, in response to the service failure the client may set its investing into the exchange relationship non merely by diminishing the figure of gross revenues, but besides by seeking to take advantage of price reduction offers or buying lower degree services from the hotel ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . On the other manus, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) analyze the consequence of the sensed equity toward hotels overbooking and compensation patterns by analyzing clients reactions toward hotel overbooking. Some of their most critical findings from this survey are that adult females are more likely than work forces to experience that overbooking is unjust , clients perceptual experiences to the equity of overbooking is non affected by other client variables including length of stay, rank position, remunerator beginning, reserve channel, and reserve clip ; participants perceived equity toward the hotel s overbooking and compensation policies were strongly correlated with positive viva-voce promotion. One of the most of import consequences of the research shows that the sensed equity of the participants toward the hotel s compensation policy is related to their trueness. Therefore, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) propose that hotels should see planing compensations that help positively influence cli ents perceived fairness toward overbooking and that encourage clients on-going backing and trueness. In a decision, issues like finding the optimum figure of extra reserves, minimising compensation cost, and covering with the negative effects from clients confronting a denied service are considered as the most ambitious countries of the pattern of overbooking and every hotel endeavoring to maximise its profitableness should non undervalue them ( Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Practical Deductions of overbooking As the cordial reception industry is germinating, hotel proprietors and hotel directors are invariably seeking to update their attacks in order to accomplish optimum allotment of resources. Novelli, Schmitz and Spencer ( 2006 ) have discovered that hotelkeepers make every attempt to use modern-day engineerings in their concern. By this deduction, hotel directors and proprietors do non merely prolong competitory advantage, but besides create new merchandises and services. In position of this, it can be concluded that execution of new engineerings that create new merchandises is a technological invention ( Evangelista, 1999 ) . On the other manus, the execution of advanced engineerings to a service company can hold a important influence in footings of operational efficiency ( Freeman and Soete, 1997 ) . Additionally, Porter ( 1990 ) supports the latter thesis by foregrounding that the public presentation of a company is extremely dependent on new engineerings. In position of technological inventions today many hotels recognize the importance of overbooking pattern and therefore its execution has become by and large recognized measure toward hotels successful operations. The practical application of Revenue Management and Overbooking incorporates the undermentioned built-in elements ( Vinod, 2004 ) : Figure 1 Revenue Management application Degree centigrades: UsersamadDesktopCapture.JPG Beginning: Vinod, B. ( 2004 ) , Journal of Revenue A ; Pricing Management Market cleavage: Segmenting clients harmonizing to their penchants and disbursement forms is a must to do certain the most appropriate clients with absolutely fitted properties are sold the proper suites that can maximise grosss ( Oliveira, 2003 ) . Specifying rate categories ( stock list pooling ) : Involves making groups of the bing rates that close in footings of value ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Demand prediction: demand prediction is indispensable to find room tenancy. In the context of Revenue Management it is of import as it can command tenancy utilizing the information of length of stay. This can be achieved by possessing informations on rate category demand and continuance of stay ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Supply prediction: earlier and late check-out procedures can besides find room tenancy, which is an component besides involved in Revenue Management. Overbooking control: encompasses gross revenues of suites transcending the maximal available figure of suites to countervail for no shows and cancellations. However, there are some hazards associated with overbooking as it may ensue in grudges from unsated clients who have received an inappropriate room. In such instances hotelkeepers offer compensations and periphery benefits ( Smith, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Vinod ( 1992 ) Revenue Management can convey 20 % of the entire grosss. Revenue mix control and exclusion processing: involves be aftering of import hereafter day of the months with discretion and fiting them with overbooking degrees ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Performance measuring and direction coverage: closely size uping the Revenue Management processes is indispensable to track down the information quality and future be aftering footing. However, in order to take a hotel into a victorious way, overbooking has to be managed and controlled really carefully. Ivanov ( 2006 ) defines the direction of overbooking as a set of managerial techniques and activities connected with uninterrupted planning, reserve and control and he outlined two chief groups of activities that should be performed in the day-to-day hotel operation. The hotel directors should on one manus, to specify an optimum figure of overbookings for each day of the month and continuously to modify it harmonizing to the market alterations of the hotel and the specific demand and booking spiels and on the other manus, to pull off carefully determinations and operational activities related with walking invitees with overbookings. In this respect, Ivanov ( 2006 ) proposes that factors such as length of stay, suites rates and client position have to be considered by hotel directors while covering with walking a invitee with confirmed reserve. Additionally, Kimes ( 1989 ) analyzes several managerial concerns indispensable for an effectual overbooking pattern and states that top direction can non presume tha t Revenue Management will merely go on, it requires careful planning and preparation . Therefore employees have to be intensively trained in order to clearly understand the purpose and features of overbooking. Furthermore, employees who are straight covering with overbooking determinations have to be sporadically trained how to act in possible client struggles and to take their ain determinations in an unfamiliar state of affairs ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . In order to be minimized the possible client dissatisfaction in instance of overbooking, it is critical for the hotel to set up service recovery programmes with standardised processs and to do employees to be cognizant and follow them ( Ivanov, 2006 ) For a profitable applied overbooking in the cordial reception industry, hotels must understand non merely consumers behaviour but besides to see the impact of competition and the presently economic state of affairs that imposes important supply and demand fluctuations. As hotels compete with each other in order to pull more clients, Revenue Management determinations of one hotel necessarily act upon the demand for other hotels in the same part or country. However, recent tendencies propose that hotels should join forces with is rivals that consequence in increased figure of formed confederations with each other to maximise their gross ( Chiang et al, 2007 ) Revenue Management s challenges in the cordial reception industry As explained before, Revenue Management finds application to two important industries: cordial reception and air hose. The first one, nevertheless, is much more complex in footings of industry impregnation and suites direction. This creates hurdlings for the optimu m operation of Revenue Management techniques. In the hotel industry Revenue Management can be applied either locally or via centralised system. The 2nd one involves garnering informations and taking determinations from a focal site for other belongingss. In pattern merely a limited figure of hotels and hotel ironss are able to pull off centralized informations processing and hence the bulk of participants on the cordial reception industry opt for belongings based Revenue Management. Recommendations for future research Despite of the acknowledged importance of overbooking as one the most effectual successful Revenue Management techniques used in hotel operation and widely discussed subject in research literature, there are no current surveies discoursing the overbooking direction of Bulgarian hotels and its impact on their operation. Therefore, future research may concentrate on the possible application of Revenue Management techniques to the Bulgarian cordial reception industry. Future surveies may besides concentrate on the demand side of Bulgarian touristry as the state has witnessed fluctuating visitant rates during the past two decennaries despite the turning net incomes generated by the peculiar industry. Decisions In order to last in the ferocious competition and to bring forth more gross while utilizing the same sum of resorts it is necessary and critical to the hotels operation direction to utilize efficaciously its reserve stock list and to increase its tenancy rate ( Hung, 2004 ) . Revenue Management techniques and the theoretical accounts of overbooking if applied suitably would maximise the grosss of hotels ( Kamath et al, 2008 ) . However, the possibilities of client dissatisfaction, and hazard of loss of repute because of denied service, force many hotels to avoid the pattern of overbooking. Therefore, before hotel directors to deicide whether or non to implement overbooking they should first see what Birkenheuer ( 2009 ) explained the best appraisal of hazard and chance will supply the best net income . In this survey we have outlined the dynamic nature of service industries and have demonstrated the importance of Revenue Management and most notably one of its most important facets overbooking. We have narrowed the range of this research down to the cordial reception industry and have found major differences in the demand patterns towards such companies in the former industry. Some clients prefer flexible cancellation footings, while others are non much attentive to that. Hoteliers offer differential pricing to their ain advantage to fudge against fluctuating demand. We have besides found that permutation is one of the most effectual method of pull offing overbooking patterns, but yet a cost/benefit analysis must be performed in order to track down the existent effects. Basically, within the current dynamic determination doing state of affairs in the cordial reception industry, overbooking degrees have been found to hold important gross maximising belongingss. In position of this, through this survey we have discovered some of the main direction aims that could be achieved through overbooking in the model of Revenue Management: net income maximization ; capa city allotment ; maximization of mean gross per client ; maximization of net present value ; and minimisation of client grudges. Finally, as cordial reception industry on a planetary graduated table is a aggregate volume-driven concern, overbooking has become an emerging subject as vacant suites do non convey any net incomes. However, possibly even more important remains the job how to pull off client letdown, in instances they can non be relocated to similar hotels as a consequence of overbooking.

Anti Terrorism Legislation May Infringe Human Rights

Anti Terrorism Legislation May Infringe Human Rights Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Anti Terrorism Legislation May Infringe Human Right UK Anti- terrorism legislation of the past decade has been a passionately debated topic both within the media and the legislature itself. On one hand, it is argued that any nation should indeed encompass the ability to prevent any terrorist atrocity carried out against its people even if it is at the cost of human rights infringement. On the other hand, a tax on civil liberties has often been deemed an atrocity within its own rights and the recent influx of legislation has done nothing other than help with the evolution of global terrorism.   [ 1 ]    That the horrific events of September 11th 2001 changed the face of Terrorism is not at all in doubt. It was the end of the terrorism the world once knew as guerrilla violence for political gain. The violence administered on the New York skyscrapers was an unprecedented act which prompted an unprecedented reaction. Legislation in relation to terrorism in the UK was eagerly debat ed and following the 7th July 2005 it was accepted that the UK were not immune to attack thus facilitating the new legislation into position. Though anti-terrorist legislation has long existed in the UK and, much of which, has been incorporated within the recent developments, many new offences have also emerged creating a shift in the balance of power between the public and those forces responsible for administering the new legislation. Naturally there has been a significant increase in relation to the scope of police powers. Furthermore, the ‘Intelligence Communities’   [ 2 ]   have also capitalised in the power shift, especially in relation to covert intelligence gathering. To venture further into the effects of the recent developments to the legislation, it is important to analyse the current framework. A natural point of focus would be the definition of terrorist activity. Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 outlines terrorist activity as: â€Å"the use or thre at of action where, the action involves serious violence against a person, serious damage to property, endangers a person’s life or creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public.†Ã‚  The  Ã¢â‚¬Å"use or threat† must be â€Å"designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   [ 3 ]    Section 2 of the same Act outlines a terrorist offender is someone who: â€Å"is or has been concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of terrorism†Ã‚   [ 4 ]    Since the face of terror has changed to cell based networks, certain organisations are listed under the 2000 Act   [ 5 ]   as terrorist organisation, a recent addition to which has been Al-Qaeeda. A recent development emerging from the new legislation is the offence of organisations ‘glorifying’ terrorism being added to the list under s. 21 Terrorism Act 2006. This is not a question of whether such a provision is an intrusion on human r ights; free speech in particular, as it obviously is but rather to what extent is such taxation justifiable. Joining or rallying support of such proscribed groups is also a punishable offence under s. 12(1) of the 2006 Act. Arranging meeting and to address meeting of proscribed groups is also punishable under ss. 12(2) and 12(3) respectively. Even clothing worn in a manner that may raise suspicion that the wearer is a member of a proscribed group may earn a maximum penalty of 6 months imprisonment as per s.13 of the 2006 Act.

Globalization & the World's Poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization & the World's Poor - Essay Example Developments in technology and policies over the past few decades have acted to be the catalyst in cross border trade and investment. The current wave of globalization opened up the domestic economies internationally. In the periods after the Second World War the governments of most countries adopted the free economic systems to be the driver of the economy. The free economic regime increased the potential of the states and created new opportunities for trade and investment. With the aim to promote trade and development the government negotiated in reducing the barriers of trade while the new corporations exploited the new opportunities in foreign market by moving into agreements. The economic life was transformed with advances in the field of technology. The definition of globalization has remained controversial. The proponents of globalization argue that the process will enable the poor countries to improve the standards of living while the critics argue that globalization only ben efitted the large corporations and eliminated local enterprises out of the market scenario. The resistance of globalization has been from all levels and the government are now engaging themselves in regulating the flow of capital and goods that constitute the wave of globalization. ... It was thought globalization will bring about an overall welfare for the society. So the society as a whole was supposed to reap the benefits. But after the years of implementation it was founds that the benefits are getting directed towards the developed countries and the less developed countries are remaining under the shadows of darkness. Some argues that multinational corporations enjoy the power over the economies of the world. But it can be argued that it is not the companies that take the advantages. It is the well developed nations that exploit the poorer counterparts through international networking communities. On a cyclical note it can be said that globalization deters protectionism by opening up the borders which facilitate easy flow of ideas and products. Globalization increases the opportunity for self interests and in this fashion pursues the interests of the first world countries with the expense of the third world countries. Therefore globalization acts to cheat the world’s poor. The financial press and the influential officials of the international authorities assert that the global markets expand the dimensions of the poor while the critics hold the opposite position with equal intensity. In the period between 1980 to 2000 the percentage in trade in goods as well as services in China increased from 23% to 46% of GDP. In the case of India, The percentage ranged from 19 to 30% over the same period. The development of the nations created some opportunities for the nations to utilize. But some nations lacked the capability to utilize the situation as there did not have the required political and domestic situation. The idea of free trade rests on the notion that nations should involve themselves in exporting those products in

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care Essay

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care - Essay Example The essay presents how various aspects of financial resources should be managed in health and social care. It is the responsibility of the management to ensurethat funding is available to meet the daily needs of the organization. In the cause of events, finance may be needed in order to invest in equipment stocks, pay employees, equipment and cater for sales made on credit. If not well taken care of, sources of finance may end up dry; this may make an institution to be in financial jeopardy. Financial control plays a critical role in helping the business meets its objectives.As a manager, my role is to ensure that all these are achieved. Financial shortfalls arise when an organization cannot pay its bills on time due to lack of cash. As a manager I have been oriented to be proactive about financial shortfalls while upholding an account for contingency all the time. Through review of BUPA’s cash flow for the last six months, the company is capable to determine the cash flow in terms of expenditure and income; this aids the company in reserving cash needed for purposes of expenditure for the subsequent six months. After realizing the company’s assets, the company has a well-planned schedule on how to pay its suppliers to avoid conflicts with respective suppliers. The company also encourages early payments from the customer by offering discounts on such payments; this increases the chances of early cash availability. Payment of suppliers on a scheduled basis helps the company to avoid shortfalls since suppliers get their due especially when the funds are available. Fraud is an obvious threat to organization’s resources and therefore must be a concern to all employers and employees within a specific jurisdiction (Petrucelli 2002). In the event of fraud, managers are expected to set good example by conforming fully to procedures and controls. As a manger, quick action is necessary to avoid any further loss bearing in mind that this is just an al legation and until the outcome of investigation is determined. Movement and preservation of evidence to a safe place or location is vital where practicable. Both internal auditor and director of finance are supposed to be notified. Prompt and vigorous investigation should be carried out; after that, report findings should be forwarded to both internal auditor and director of finance. If possible consult with the appropriate departments concerned or involved. Notification to security agents should be carried out by the manager following consultation with the executives of the BUPA at National Director Level. As some may put it, coming up with a budget may be easy, sticking to it is the hard part. A well planned budget has little no impact without willpower and close monitoring (Amey 1979). A system for recording expenses and producing reports should be in place. As a manger, insisting on regular monitoring reports is way of ensuring that whatever was projected in the budgets is follo wed to the latter. Through monitoring reports, it makes it easy to determine actual spending at a particular period of the month compared to what was projected in the budget. The level of expenditure should be documented and clear reports drawn from them; the concerned departments should be informed so as to get their input on the same. The audit committee should review the reports. After conclusion, there should be immediate action taken

Legal and Ethical Issues Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legal and Ethical Issues - Term Paper Example The loan was granted to assist the company in meeting then financial requirements for constructing an additional manufacturing plant. The administration stopped the additional capital inflows the Solyndra a step that made them close down and more than a thousand employees lost jobs (Anderson, 2012). Production activities stopped, and the company had to explain what made them make such a decision. As the management explained, there was a persistent increase in the production cost while the prices of the solar panels were decreasing. These could not tally and, therefore, the company ended up making huge losses. The cause of the fall in prices of solar panels was that Chinese developers had come up with cheaper ones which served the purpose of the Solyndra’s. According to the Washington post (2011), â€Å"the foreign manufacturers were supplying cheaper solar panels due to government subsidies a move that made the market prices of the solar panels to decline forcing Solyndra to reduce their prices for it to remain competitive†. Another problem that was lightly disclosed that the company had delayed accounts receivables that they failed to collect in the correct time. The foreign competitors had better terms of sale since they used to extend their customers’ payment terms (Anderson, 2012). There was no compliance with the good terms in the side of the Solyndra’s customers. There was an attempt to get the company back to business where one of the shareholders provided $75 but that was in vain. The loan processing was made possible as a result of an energy law that was passed in 2005 to authorize the department to issue federal backed loans for innovative projects that helped in reducing air pollution. The study intends to evaluate the legal and moral issues that relate to the circumstance of Solyndra. Legal issues to be addressed included the involved the company finances, contracts, payment of private investors and laying down of

How To Improve Vacation Industry In Malaysia

How To Improve Vacation Industry In Malaysia This research paper is focus on tourism industry ecotourism in Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to report on an empirical research study which investigated how to improve or develop the industry tourism (ecotourism) in Malaysia? Besides improvements, the important for this research is to concern about the contribution of the tourism industry on the Malaysia GDP. To understanding the natural sources that we owned and generate it to develop our country. Findings were from the analysis of data such as internet, newspaper, government data and source that prepared by other people. A regression model was developed as evidence to this. The literature on this aspect is limited. Thus, the research findings of this study are useful for future studies. This study also provides several recommendations for future research in this area. Tourism is a relaxing activity for people to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. Based on the World Tourism Organization describe that tourists is people who travel to other places and stay in places outside their usual environment. According to World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism has become one of the global largest industries nowadays. In other word mean that tourism has become a well-liked global leisure activity. In year 2009, Tourism industry has contributed 9.4% of world GDP into the economy, or equivalent of 5433.7 US billion dollars. There are a lot of people who traveling around the world time by time just to release tension or enjoy their lifetime or business purpose. Based on WTO, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals in 2008, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In 2008, international tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion), corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8%. Furthermore, real G DP growth is expected to growth in average 4.4% over the coming ten years. In the other hand, tourism economy has provided a total 235 million jobs in the worldwide. However, in the beginning of June 2008, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months. This negative trend become strong during 2009, worsen in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts. The country that hit badly such as Mexico, experienced outbreaks of respiratory illness and enlarged reports of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) in several areas of the country. Based on our tourism ministry Dr. Ng Yen Yen said that during that serious epidemic period, it unaffected our tourism sectors but further increase our tourist arrival. We can see that Malaysia is still attracting the tourist although there is happening the epidemic. This is also because our epidemic is still under control which me an our country less affected by H1N1, this caused to the people who favor on tour shift their planning to other more safety countries such as Malaysia. In Malaysia, travel and tourism industrys share of GDP has rise from 8.6%, worth RM8.02 billion in year 1988 to 14.1% of GDP, worth RM94.6 billion in years 2009. While travel and tourism direct industry (included transport, accommodations, food and beverages and etc.) has brought a total income of RM36.8 billions in year 2009, or 5.5% of GDP. Besides that, tourism has created a total job opportunities of 1395700, or equivalent of 12.7% of total employment. As we know that Malaysia is one of the country which held in the tropical area on the earth. Malaysia is an amazing country with immeasurable large quantity of biodiversity. It is not surprising to find that 75 percent of Malaysias land area is remains forested, with 60 percent virgin rainforest that unchanged for over millions years. The country is presented with numerous natural attractions such as amazing and diverse flora and fauna (refflesia, orang utan), white sandy beaches, exotic marine aqua life (Pulau Sipadan, Pulau Matak ing), dense rainforests(Taman Negara) and the oldest and largest caves in the world (Deer cave). To sharing of the mysteries in Malaysia, one of the twelve mega-biologically diverse countries in the world, which boasts at least 15,000 species of flowering plants, 286 species of mammals, 150,000 species of invertebrates, and 4,000 species of fishes in addition to the countless micro-organisms. Experience a huge range of outdoor activities, such as caving, hiking, jungle trekking, snorkeling, rock climbing, diving, river cruising and much more. Experienced outdoor professionals, who are well ready with the latest gear, can guide you through all of these activities. If you are looking for rich and exotic ecotourism experiences in balmy tropical weather, the time is now, the place is Malaysia. This made Malaysia owned the potential to develop the ecotourism to growth up the economy furthermore can introduce Malaysia to other countries. To let others learn more about the natural better than keep reliance in the industrial sector to boost up the GDP. The widespread interest in ecotourism among tourism players is due to its direct linkage to the greater prospects for sound and sustainable tourism development with strong possibilities for appropriate local participation and shared responsibility for preserving the environment, cultural heritage and peoples way of life. It is needed everyone to responsibility to protect our natural environment well. Research Problem As we know that Malaysia is a tropical forest country that rich with the natural sources flora and fauna, white sandy beaches, exotic marine aqua life, dense rainforest and the oldest and largest caves in the world. Therefore we should introduce it to foreign country so that it can attract the foreign tourist to our country. But the problem is does it really known by other countries? What should we do to improve our natural sources to attract the tourist? What are the factors that influence the total number of tourist to Malaysia? Besides, how we going to develop it, so that it can more known by other counties tourists? However it is needed a sustainable develop to prevent it get harm to the biodiversity. And since we know that when there is a lot of tourist to our country sure it will generate capital flow into our country and increase our GDP. Therefore it is needed to understand the potential and how to attract tourists to generate our country income. Research Question What did the government do to develop the tourism industry? Does it have the potential to attract the foreign tourists? How to improve our ecotourism facilities and services? What are the strategies to attract more tourists to visit Malaysia? Research Objective To realize the important of tourism industry. To analyze the potential of tropical country that rich with immeasurable large quantity of biodiversity. To examine what initiative will be taken by the government. To analyze the contribution of tourism in our GDP. Literature Review http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/e_publi/gplinkeco/17chapter15.pdf Mohammed Mohd. Daud, (n.d.) with his conference article The Ecotourism Develop In Malaysia mention that the services sector including the tourism industry, is the major revenue as well as the largest contributor to Malaysias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at 46% in 1999. He specified that the tourism is a growing sector and gaining importance in the Malaysian economy. Besides, due to the existing legal requirements and the economic development strategy, the promotion of tourism and ecotourism activities in Malaysia involves a number of institutions and also including the statutory body Tourism Malaysia to involve in marketing and promoting tourism product. Considering that the ecotourism objective such as the National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries are often located in distant places, but the government would provide basic infrastructure facilities such as roads, jetties and some amenities. Furthermore, the government is also supporting ecotourism development by means of sponsoring th e cost of technical consultancy work on particular ecotourism destinations. For case study in this article mention that although the Kinabatangan Wildlife Safari has not matured yet in developing, it is already showing its potential in becoming a successful ecotourism destination where preservation of natural resources with sustainable development. It involves all parties such as the government, private sector, local communities and NGOs work together in a partnership to protect the priceless natural asset by translating business opportunities into maintenance benefits. The purpose of this study is to calculate tourisms contribution through deriving multipliers in terms of output, income, employment, value added, and import for Malaysian economy. Based on this study, they found that, tourism sector have been generated employment which is 174 full-time employee for every Ringgit of tourist expenditure. According to researcher, entertainment sector is most important sector that generated tourism income followed by accommodation and food beverages. Malaysian tourism industry not only playing an important role for generating output, income, employment, value-added, and import but also creates spillover effects on other tourism related sectors of the economy. However, based on the analysis of this paper, it is obvious that tourism industry is contributing significantly to the Malaysian economy in terms of generating output, income, employment, and value-added. http://www.google.com.my/#hl=ensource=hpbiw=1189bih=544q=DEVELOPMENT+OF+ECO-TOURISM+IN+TRIBAL+REGIONS+OF+ORISSA%3A+POTENTIAL+AND+RECOMMENDATIONSrlz=1R2PPSU_enMY368aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai=fp=42cdcfe0f1684f63 Based on the Nilakantha Panigrahi research paper DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM IN TRIBAL REGIONS OF ORISSA: POTENTIAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS had mention about the wealth in being tourism of the Orissa region in eastern India. He said that with the well develop in the ecotourism will generate some income for the state. Tourism is identifying as an industry in Orissa in generate the income from the foreign tourists because that place seem to have different type of attractive onwards the tourists especially the countless temples of Orissa scattered at the state. The attractiveness is that the state owned 79 heritage sites in Orissa which protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Western Orissa is known by a small temple town, besides particularly of the western Orissa have the streams and forests which show the natural beauty of Harisankar in Bolangir and Nrusinghanath in Balangir. Furthermore, Kalahandi area is endowed with the wealth of forests, for example existence of a rare species of black tiger, with a natural waterfall at Rabandar, and a host of temples situated at the hilltops of Bhawanipatna. Nevertheless, the concept of museum is also being established by government for collected and displaying those artifacts by following the types of it. The record from 1990 until 1998 with the attraction of tourists is 86.58% in domestic and 11.50% for foreign tourists. This can be proved that the well known of domestic people and unrealized in the potential of the place as being a tourism destination for foreign tourists because of poor developing that place. However the tourist arrival show that the increasing trend from 1990 until 1997 but dropping in 1997-1999 due to the Asian financial crisis and then increase again in 1999 to 2000. Due to the Orissa heritage place, natural environment with flora and fauna it can be the successful destination for tourists. The reason that it cannot attract more is because of poor developing by government as a tourism destination from an ecological and cultural point of view. http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/pub/wp/gec/gec_1995_30.pdf. From the TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY IN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRAGILE AREAS: CASE STUDIES FROM THE MALDIVES AND NEPAL research by Katrina Brown,R. Kerry Turner, Hala Hameed and Ian Bateman had said that Maldives and Nepal is a country which enrich with natural resources such as reefs, beaches, and mountains especially the most highest mountain in the world Everest are attract many tourists to there. The amount of trekkers to Nepalese Himalaya grew by 25 percent per annum over the period 1985-1988. Furthermore, Maldives tourism visitors have increased from a total of less than 1000 per annum in 1972 to 178,000 in 1991. As we can see that the amount of tourist is increasing lead by globalization. It makes people able to move across to other countries. In analyzing the Maldives in 1991, total of tourists had increase to over 178,000 tourists. The annual rate is exceeds 30 percent for this period and this show that it stand at over 1.7 million. The total receipts are achieving 94 million in 19 91 if compare to 1981 is just 15 million. However for Nepal, the data said that is just only 6179 tourists in 1962 but it change to a huge amount in almost 300,000 in 1991. This can show that the attracting to Nepal is increasing rapidly and with majority tourists came for the nature. This can be see that the successfulness of the ecotourism such as mountain or jungle trekking, jungle safaris, river rafting or ethnic tourism in Nepal. Both study also show that more tourists were came toward their country by enjoying the nature environment. Research Hypothesis By referring to the literature reviews mentioned, we are able to form 2 hypotheses that measure the growth of tourism sector that accelerated the industrialization process. The first hypothesis model formed state that the contribution of tourism sector towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is influence by the foreign and domestic tourists and the number of projects approved by tourism department. Hence, the function below is formed:. GDP = f (tourists) However, the second hypothesis model formed state that the contribution of tourists towards the tourism is influence by the number of projects approved by tourism department. Hence, the function below is formed: Tourism = f (tourism department) Methodology There are a few methods which can be used in order to search and gather the information that we needed such as by gathering the information from the internet. But mostly all data are collected through the secondary data. Based on my title which focuses on the ecotourism, I am referring to the news article which published by The Star, beside we were gone through the government website to get the current news to get the tourism issues, activities, government gazette and also the government statistical data. Those articles that related with my topic in internet also can be using as reference especially those research paper done passed researcher. Furthermore we compare country between countries in tourism performance. Analysis Income contribution http://www.tourism.gov.my/corporate/research.asp?page=facts_figures As we can see that the tourists arrival to Malaysia has increase year by year. We know that 1997 is happened Asian financial crisis the following is 2008-2009 global financial crises with epidemic of H1N1 together. However it does not give much impact on our tourism but further increase our percentage of tourists arrival. If we compare the amount of tourist in year 1998 with 5.5 million and 2009 with 23.6 million it is already 4.3 times than amount in 1998. http://www.wttc.org/eng/tourism_research/economic_data_search_tool The line graph indicates that the contribution of GDP by travel and tourism industry. From the graph, we can see that the avenue of travel and tourism industry has been increase over the year. Travel tourism industry has recorded an amount of RM10.67 billion in year 1988. While in year 2008, according to world tourism council, Malaysia has recorded an amount of RM99.16 billion in year 2009, which is almost 10 times larger compared to 20 years ago. It indicates that the travel and tourism industry has been growing and believed to have the potential to keep expanding. While the table shows the year to year growth of travel and tourism industry, and also the share of travel and tourism industry in Malaysias GDP. From the table above, we can know that at most of the years, the avenue of travel and tourism industry is increasing. While some of the year it may achieve negative grow due to incidents such as economic crisis, global diseases, and etc. The grow rate of travel and tourism industry is between -6.98 percent to 35.01 percent. From the view of share of GDP, travel and tourism industry has recorded 13.4 percent in year 2008, which considered a major part of total GDP. It places tourism as one of the largest industries in Malaysia, and the second largest earner of foreign exchange, following manufacturing industry. http://www.yoursurgeryabroad.com/news/tourism-up-in-malaysia/ Due to the data, show that there is significant drop in year 1997 which caused by the Asian Financial crisis. Beside in year 2003, the tourism sector also decrease which caused by the SARS. The period for SARS epidemic is between the months of November 2002 and July 2003, and the epidemic is start spreading from Guangdong, China. However this gets effect in our tourism because this epidemic is serious happened in Asian region. If we compare with another epidemic (H1N1) which happened in 2009, this epidemic is start spreading from Mexico. But this epidemic is still make our tourism in well performing based on the news reported on Thursday, 23 July 2009, our Tourism Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ng Yen Yen announced that tourism to Malaysia grew by 7.5% in June after a small 0.3% decline in May. The increase in tourism came despite an increase in confirmed H1N1 cases in the country. The decreasing show in 2008 is affect by the global financial crisis. Global financial crisis is a crisis cause d by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system. It has shown in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. Is because of the global financial crisis it does give effect on our industries such as tourism industries. The expanding of travel and tourism industry is possible due to the increasing arriving and recipients of tourists from various countries. The policies that promoting Malaysia to the eye of the world in travel and tourism industry has seen to be quite successful. Various program such as Visit Malysia, Malaysia Shopping Carnivals and etc have been introduced and these programs have been able to attract more tourists come to our country.In addition, the increase in standard of living in Malaysia is also a major factor that stimulate the travel and tourism industry. Increase of income of Malaysia residents has increase of domestic demand in travel and tourism industry. Employment contribution http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/rmk/rmk2/rancangan%20malaysia%20kedua%20-%20chapter%2011.pdf http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/buku%20rm%20ke%207%20-%20chapter%2016.pdf http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/8th_msia_plan_c15_cont.pdf Based on the data above, we can see that during the period between 1960 until 1970, the employment is significant show that tourism is just contribute a little on economy only. For year 1965 is only contributed 287000 for employment (employment in hotel is 2700 in 1965), however for year 1970 it is slightly increase to become 340000 of employment (employment in hotel is reached 8000 in 1970) which contributed by the tourism. Furthermore, year 1975 tourism is only contributing 419000 employments. If we look seriously beginning from 1990, the employment is contribute a lot by the tourism in hotel industries, however hotel industries is just one of the part from the contribution of tourism, we can see clearly that it is quite potential in develop it. Based on the data show that the there is an increasing trend on employment which generate by the increasing in number of hotel, it can be show beginning from 1990 which is generated 39961 employments by 989 hotels, 1995 generated 67214 empl oyments by 1220 hotels, 2000 generated 78671 employments by 1492 hotels and for year 2005 it generated 79603 employments by 1541 hotels. The opportunities in employment contributed by tourism are determined to achieve 1217000 thereby contributing 11.6% of total employment in year 2007. And the contribution of the Travel Tourism economy to employment is 1,331,000 jobs in 2010 (Quarter 2). http://www.wttc.org/eng/tourism_research/economic_data_search_tool The table shows the total employment in travel and tourism industry. In year 1989, the total employment in travel and tourism industry recorded an amount of 514700, which in 8 % of total labor. From the table well able to know that the total employment in travel and tourism industry has been increasing in most of the year, meanwhile the growth rate is between -14.9 percent to 21.94%. In year 2008, travel and tourism industry has achieved a total employment of 1249800 employees, which is 11.6% from the whole labor market. This indicates that the travel and tourism industry has contributed much in the labor market and has play a major role in labor market. www.motour.gov.my/bm//166-national-ecotourism-planpart-3.html Contribution in development The tourism can lead to develop in some area especially those rural, develop the rural area is good in helping our country economy, it can generate income and employment to the rural area people. For example: Based on the National Ecotourism Plan Malaysia, Pahang has implement national tourism development policies at state level. Pahang have such place can develop well to be a tourists attraction place such as in coasts area Pulau Tioman is Pahang main island resource, this is needed to plan further on the development within the carrying the capacity for each sector of activity. However for mountain in Pahang, with the highest mountain in Peninsular Malaysia is Gunung Tahan. Besides, there is also a Frasers Hill which is a main nature site with bungalows. Beside in lowland, there is Taman Negara which is a place that reserve with the flora and fauna. But there is also needed government in develop it to become a tourism place. This is the table show the development of component and cost in developing the Frasers Hill. For Terengganu, it does not have its own separate state tourism policies but it implement national policies. The potential nature place for Terengganu to develop to attract tourists is Rantau Abang at coasts side and island which is Pulau Redang, Pulau Perhentian, Lang Tengah, and also some mountain which attract some trekker to there. This is the table show the development of component and cost in developing the Rantau Abang This is the table show the development of component and cost in developing the Pulau Redang. And for Sabah, it is rich in nature which can enrich to introduce it to foreign country, such as Mountain Kinabalu is one of most attraction in Sabah it mostly attract the tourists from Taiwan, Japan come over there. Beside it also have the popular island which name Pulau Sipadan which listed as the first best diving in world. This can be show that the potential in Sabah. This is the table show the development of component and cost in developing the Kinabalu Park area. All this is just a part of the potential area which shows in few states only, as we can see those areas is a potential place to develop to attracting the tourists. Those places are suitable to develop as tourism place since it is potential and rich in nature. Furthermore, by the way we develop the area to attract the tourists, first we have to develop the area which potential to be tourism, and through this development it is already develop our country. Developing our country is not only to attract the tourists but it also can strengthen our economy. Contribution in SME ( Small Medium Entrepreneur ) Government action By the way it is needed for government action in supporting the tourism sector, without government implementation of policy or action in develop the tourism it is impossible for the tourism sector to growth itself. To attract more foreign tourists, government is needed to create some policy to strengthening the tourism, furthermore the government spending is also important so that the project that government planning can be successful to achieve. Besides, government activities in promoting the tourism or campaign is also helpful in introduce it to tourists and knowing by foreign country. There is some action by the government in above such as: Campaign VISIT MALAYSIA YEAR 2007 Tourism industry of Malaysia. Retrieved on October 12,2010 from http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2007/08/31/9636.html Malaysias focus will be on the Visit Malaysia Year (VMY) 2007, it was focus aggressively promoting Malaysia, by the way encourage the foreign tourists arrival it also encourage domestic tourists. Coincidently, year 2007 is also the 50th anniversary of Malaysia Independence Day. As such, the Visit Malaysia Year campaign is a good time event to celebrate Malaysias golden festival. It is a good time to celebrate and to share with the world the unique and virtues that built up Malaysia to be the country until today. The VMY 2007 campaign is anticipated to raise the attraction of foreign tourists to facilitate them in planning their holidays in Malaysia. For the VMY 2007, it is set a target to attract amount of 20.1 million tourists come over our country. There are over 240 events in the year, of which, 50 being major events and 5 as international mega events. All these events is meaningful to presented in `One Golden Celebration`. This celebration will bring Malaysia to recognize by the world. The Visit Malaysia Year Grand Launch on 6 January by the Prime Minister of Malaysia is the first event of the year in the presence 500 international media and trade representatives from all over the world. Draw attention to the Grand Launch was the unveiling of the Eye on Malaysia, which is a 60-metre Ferris Wheel followed by the Flora Fest Parade, and also a fantastic display of floats dressed in all kinds of flowers found in Malaysia. The other mega events include the Malaysian International Aerospace Adventure, the International Fireworks Display, the Malaysian International Tattoo and the KL International Buskers Festival. Malaysia My Second Home Programme Malaysia My Second Home Programme .Retrieved on October 12, 2010 from http://www.mm2h.gov.my/ Beside, Malaysia government also promoted Malaysia My Second Home Programme is to allow foreigners who fulfill certain criteria, to stay in Malaysia for as long as possible on a multiple-entry social visit pass. The Social Visit Pass is renewable and is originally for a period of ten years. It is a chance for citizens of countries recognized by Malaysia, regardless of race, religion, gender or age. The programme allows applicants to bring with them their spouses, parents and children. For those foreign spouses of Malaysians after expiry of their Employment Passes who wish to retire in Malaysia are also qualified to apply to stay in Malaysia under this programme. Promotion Policy Government spending http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/10/24/budget2010/4968158sec=budget2010. October 12 Based on the news from The Star on Saturday October 24, 2009 reported that by the way of aggressive and innovative measures to attract FDI, our country government will spending RM899mil in 2010 for the tourism industry. The Main planned to be implemented is including attracting more tourists from Britain, Japan, South Korea, Middle East, India and China to participate in the Malaysia My Second Home programme. However, attraction will be successful by upgrading the quality of infrastructure in tourism centers throughout the country, this is the most important such as ecotourism development and upgrading homestay facilities; and ensuring front liners are locals. Taxation Incentives for Investment. Retrieved on October 12, 2010 from http://www.mida.gov.my/en_v2/index.php?page=tourism-industry There are many incentives that government gives to tourism investors either old or new investors. The investor included such as hotel, travel agency, transportation and etc. There are some incentives from government to these investors. Generally, a company granted Pioneer Status will enjoys a 5-year partial exemption from the payment of income tax. It will only need to pay tax on 30% of its statutory income. In order to promote some area, government will consider giving full income tax exemption and/or increased exemption tax until 10 years. In addition, there are some exemption for Sabah and Sarawak. The companies located there will only need to pay 15%of their statutory income in 5 years. Besides, company also can get the Investment Tax Allowance (ITA). A company granted will be given allowance of 60% in respect of qualifying and offset against 70%of the statutory income in 5 years. Special for Sabah and Sarawak, companies located there will be given allowance of 80% in respect of qualifying and offset against 85% of the statutory income in 5 years. Next,tax exemption for tour operators. First, for foreign tourists. Tour operators who bring in at least 500 foreign tourists a year through groups, inclusive tours that enter and exit the country by air, sea or land transportation, will be exempted from tax in respect of income derived from the business of operating such toursâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  second, for local tourists. Companies that organise domestic tour packages for at last 1,200 local tourists per year get tax exemption on the income earned. A domestic tour means any tour package within Malaysia participated by local tourists (excluding inbound tourists) by air, land or sea transportation involving at least one nights accommodation. Recommendation Recommendation to better improve the tourism industry to known by others country and attraction foreign tourist to generate our GDP will be identified after the full research has been completed. The Ecotourism Development in Malaysia. Retrieved on October 12,2010 from http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/e_publi/gplinkeco/17chapter15.pdf There are such ways to improve Malaysia ecotourism. As we know, we have many ecotourism place included Wildlife Protection Act, the National Park Act, the National Forestry Act, the Fisheries Act and the State Park Enactment (Pahang). These protected areas are gazetted under the various federal and state. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks, the Forestry Department, the Fisheries Department and the various State Parks authorities have been responsible for managed these place. First ways is ours tourism and travel agencies should be more creative to promoted ecotourism to attract more foreign tourist because government give many incentives to them. Creative means travel agencies should provide more packages for student, family, group and others. These packages will attract more tourists to visit Malaysia also attract local tourist. Local tourist actually more demand than foreign tourist because local tourists want different experience in the place they visit. Trav